الدليل الفني الكامل للاشراف على تنفيذ مشاريع الطرق

الدليل الفني الكامل للاشراف على تنفيذ مشاريع الطرق

دليلك للاشراف على مشاريع الطرق بشكل مبسط وكامل ووافي

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التصميم الهندسي للطرق Road Design

التصميم الهندسي للطرق     Road Design

يتضمن كود التصميم الهندسي للطرق مبادئ التصميم الأساسية والقيم المطلوبة والحدية من أجل تصميم الطرق أو إعادة التصميم، وذلك للطرق الواقعة خارج المناطق المبنية، أي خارج المناطق العمرانية. بناءً على خاصية وأهداف كود التصميم الهندسي للطرق فإنه لا يمكن للكود تقديم حلول تصميمية  جاهزة لكل المسائل التصميمية، ولكن يتم تقديم مبادئ ويتم الالتزام بها.

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Bridge Terms تسميات عناصر الجسر او الكوبري

Bridge Terms تسميات عناصر الجسر او الكوبري

The following is a list of bridge terms usually found in bridge plans or referred to in bridge construction

Abutment

The portion of the bridge substructure at either end of a bridge which transfers loads from the superstructure to the foundation and provides lateral support for embankment.

Alignment Bearing

A bearing that prevents transverse movement of the superstructure. Normally, one beam on each span has an alignment bearing. However, seismic considerations may warrant provision of more than one alignment bearing.

Backwall

The portion of an abutment behind the bridge seats which extends upward from the top of the bridge seats to the top of the abutment or bottom of the header.

Batter

A deviation from the vertical, commonly found on the back sides of walls and on piles.

Bearing

Usually, a device which supports the end of a girder and distributes superstructure loads to the abutment or pier. Fixed bearings do not provide for longitudinal movement of the superstructure to compensate for expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

Bent

A row or group of piles in a structure, a row of columns. Piers are also referred to as bents when the piles extend above the ground to the pier cap.

Boring

An exploration of subsurface material. Borings are used by the Design Engineer in determining the types and dimensions of foundations required. Borings are used by Construction personnel to determine the type of materials in which piles are to bear, and to determine suitable bearing strata in foundation excavations.

Borrow Excavation, Bridge Foundation (BEBF)

Select compacted material used for foundations.

Bridge Seat

The horizontal surface on an abutment or pier on which the girders are to be supported.

Bulkhead

1. Usually, bulkheads (timber, concrete, or steel sheeting) are constructed adjacent to railroads or waterways to retain embankments or prevent erosion.

2. A temporary vertical form at a construction, contraction or expansion joint.

Camber

A slight parabolic curvature constructed into a girder to:

1. Compensate for deflections in the girder due to the weight of the girder and weight of concrete supported by it.

2. Provide curvature to the superstructure if the roadway profile is on a vertical curve.

3. Provide architectural curvature to the girder.

Cap Beam

A steel, timber or concrete beam capping a bent of piles or columns.

Centerline of Bearings

A horizontal alignment control line through the centers of the bearings which is used in abutment or pier layout and girder erection.

Chamfer

The inclined flat surface formed by removing a square edge or corner; a beveled edge.

Column

A vertical compression member usually circular or rectangular in cross section. In piers, columns transfer loads from the superstructure to the footing foundation.

Construction Joint

A joint where adjacent portions of the structure are joined together. This is usually roughly finished and has reinforcement steel extending through it. Abbr.: Const. Jt.

Contraction Joint

A joint which separates two adjacent portions of the structure and contains a bond break such as a paraffin coating. Abbr.: Contr. Jt.

Coping

A projecting course of concrete. Usually, this is a projection on the outside of bridge sidewalks. It is also found on wingwalls of stub abutments and some pier cap beams.

Cutoff Wall

A type of concrete header constructed under headwall aprons, culvert invert slabs and culvert wingwall footings to prevent washouts caused by scouring action of the water.

Diaphragm

Channel, angle steel or cast-in-place concrete cross bracing between girders.

Dowel

A reinforcement bar extending through a construction joint connecting two adjacent portions of the structure.

Elevation View

A front or side view.

Expansion Joint

A joint which separates two adjacent portions of a structure and contains compressible material to allow for concrete expansion. Abbr.: Exp. Jt.

Fascia Beams

The outermost girders on any span.

Flange

The projecting portion of a beam or channel. The top or the bottom plate of a steel girder.

Footing

Part of a foundation, normally wider than the supported wall or column, which transmits loads from above to the soil below either by direct contact or through piles.

Foundation

The part of a structure which is usually placed below the surface of the ground which distributes the load upon the subsoil.

Girder

A horizontal supporting structural member. (Beam, Stringer)

Header

A concrete wall on the top of an abutment backwall usually found between the end of a deck slab and the roadway approach slab.

Integral Abutment Bridge

A bridge whose superstructure is rigidly connected to its abutments.

Life Cycle Cost

The total cost of an item’s ownership over a specified period of time. For NJDOT Bridge Projects, this period will be 100 years. This includes initial acquisition costs (right of way, planning, design, construction), operation, maintenance, modification, replacement, demolition, financing, taxes, disposal and salvage value as applicable.

Parapet

A concrete railing or barrier located on the bridge deck fascia and the tops of retaining walls.

Pier

The portion of the bridge substructure which transfers loads from the superstructure to the foundation. Provides intermediate support for multi-span bridges.

Piles

Shafts of concrete, timber, or steel which are used to transfer foundation loads through subsurface materials.

Pitch

The vertical distance covered by one turn of spiral reinforcement in columns.

Plan View

Top view.

Retaining Wall

A wall designed to retain embankment and prevent erosion.

Section View

An internal view. In Bridge Plans, sections are usually shown through all parts of the structure.

Shear Connectors

Usually stud type connectors welded to the top of girders or U type reinforcement protruding from prestressed concrete beams and embedded in the concrete deck slabs.

Soffit

The underside portion of a deck slab overhanging the exterior of fascia girders.

Stiffener

Longitudinal or vertical plates (welded to structural steel beams) to prevent buckling.

Substructure

The part of a structure below the superstructure.

Superstructure

In a bridge, the superstructure consists of bearings, girders, decks, sidewalks, etc. (All above the substructure).

Wingwall

A wall at the end of an abutment or culvert for retaining slopes and preventing erosion.

Viaduct

A bridge made up of multi-spans supported on piers carrying the roadway over streets, highways, railroads and/or streams.

Professional English in Use Engineering Technical English for Professionals

Professional English in UseEngineering Technical English for Professionals

ProfessionalEnglish in UseEngineering
Technical English for Professionals
Mark Ibbotson
 UNIVERSITY PRESS

الكتاب موجه للمهندسين والفنيين المختصين ويقدم اكثر من 1500 كلمة وعبارة تخصصية في مختلف المجالات الهندسية ويتميز عن غيره بانه لايقدم فقط المصطلحات والمفاهيم اللازمة وانما :

• يقدم مصطلحات اساسية في جميع المجالات كالاسماء والابعاد والاوصاف 

• لغة المناقشة وتطبيق المفاهيم الهندسية على سبيل المثال ، الإجهاد والجهد والعمل والقوة ، وديناميكيات السوائل

• لغة أكثر تحديدًا للهندسة الميكانيكية والكهربائية والمدنية / الإنشائية.

Professional English in Use Engineering presents around 1,500 of the most important technical words and phrases in English that engineers and engineering technicians need

for their work. The vocabulary has been carefully chosen to include:

• terms that are essential in all fields of engineering - for example, all engineers need to

discuss dimensions and tolerances, know the names of common materials, and describe

how components are fitted and fixed together

• language for discussing and applying key engineering concepts - for example, stress

and strain, work and power, and fluid dynamics

• more specific language for mechanical, electrical and civil/structural engineering.

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الاختصارات المستخدمة في المواصفات القياسية الامريكية لتنفيذ الطرق والكباري (الجسور) Abbreviations used in the specifications

الاختصارات المستخدمة في المواصفات القياسية الامريكية لتنفيذ الطرق والكباري (الجسور)

  Abbreviations used in the specifications 

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Abbreviation	Meaning
AASHTO	American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AB	aggregate base
ACI	American Concrete Institute
ADL	aerially deposited lead
AISC	American Institute of Steel Construction
AISI	American Iron and Steel Institute
AMA	archaeological monitoring area
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
API	American Petroleum Institute
AREMA	American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
AS	aggregate sub base
ASME	American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASQ	American Society for Quality
ATPB	asphalt treated permeable base
ATS	active treatment system
AWG	American Wire Gauge
AWPA	American Wood Protection Association
AWSa	American Welding Society
AWWA	American Water Works Association
AWIS	automated work zone information system
BBS	battery backup system
BNSF	Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Cal/OSHA	California Division of Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CBC	California Building Code
CDPH	California Department of Public Health
CIDH	cast-in-drilled-hole
CIH	Certified Industrial Hygienist
CIP	cast in place
CJP	complete joint penetration
CMU	concrete masonry unit
CPM	critical path method
CPL	composite plastic lumber
CRCP	continuously reinforced concrete pavement
CRM	crumb rubber modifier
CTB	cement treated base
CTPB	cement treated permeable base
CVN	Charpy V-notch
CWI	AWS Certified Welding Inspector
DBE	Dispute Resolution Board
DRA	Department of Toxic Substances Control
DRB	Dispute Resolution Board
DTSC	Department of Toxic Substances Control
DVBE	disabled veteran business enterprise
ECTC	Erosion Control Technology Council
EIA/ECIA	Electronic Industries Alliance/Electronic Components Industry Association
ELAP	Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program
ESA	environmentally sensitive area
ETL	Electrical Testing Laboratories
fc	extreme fiber compressive stress in concrete at service loads
f'c	compressive strength of concrete
FHWA	Federal Highway Administration
FDR	full depth reclamation
GAAP	Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GGBFS	ground granulated blast furnace slag; slag cement
GSP	galvanized steel pipe
HMA	hot mix asphalt
HMA-O	hot mix asphalt (open graded)
HS	high strength
ICC	International Code Council
ICEA	Insulated Cable Engineers Association
ITE	Institute of Transportation Engineers
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
JMF	job mix formula
JPCP	jointed plain concrete pavement
ksf	kips per square foot
ksi	kips per square inch
LCB	lean concrete base
LCS	Department's lane closure system
LEED	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LTDS	long term design strength
MC	medium curing
METS	Department's Materials Engineering and Testing Services
MPI	Master Painters Institute
MPQP	Material Plant Quality Program published by the Department
MR	movement rating
MSDSb	material safety data sheet
MT	magnetic particle testing
MUTCD	Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
NAL	numeric action level
NDT	nondestructive testing
NEL	numeric effluent limitation
NETA	International Electrical Testing Association
NEC	National Electrical Code
NEMA	National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA	National Fire Protection Association
NMAS	nominal maximum aggregate size
NPDES	National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPT	National Pipe Thread Taper
NRTL	Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
NTU	nephelometric turbidity unit
OBC	optimum binder content
OGFC	open graded friction course
OSD	Offices of Structure Design
PLAC	permit, license, agreement, certification, or any combination of these
PC	precast
PCC	portland cement concrete
pcf	pounds per cubic foot
PCMS	portable changeable message sign
PG	performance grade
PJP	partial joint penetration
POC	pedestrian overcrossing
PQR	procedure qualification record
PS	prestressed
PSF	pedestrian signal face
PV	programmed visibility
QSD	qualified SWPPP developer
QSP	qualified SWPPP practitioner
RAP	reclaimed asphalt pavement
RCSC	Research Council on Structural Connections
RECP	rolled erosion control product
RFI	request for information
RHMA	rubberized hot mix asphalt
RHMA-G	rubberized hot mix asphalt (gap graded)
RHMA-O	rubberized hot mix asphalt (open graded)
RHMA-O-HB	rubberized hot mix asphalt (open graded high binder)
RPL	recycled plastic lumber
RSC	rapid strength concrete
RSP	rock slope protection
RSS	revised standard specifications
RT	radiographic testing
RWQCB	regional water quality control board
SMSA	Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
SC	slow curing
SCC	self-consolidating concrete
SCM	supplementary cementitious material
SDS	safety data sheet
SSPC	The Society for Protective Coatings
SWPPP	stormwater pollution prevention plan
SWRCB	State Water Resources Control Board
TEES	Transportation Electrical Equipment Specifications
TIA	Telecommunications Industry Association; time impact analysis
TRO	time-related overhead
TV	target value
UFFA	ultra fine fly ash
UL	Underwriters Laboratories, Inc
USC	United States Code
USLE	Universal Soil Loss Equation
USM	unidentified stock material
UT	ultrasonic testing
VECP	value engineering change proposal
VFD	variable-frequency drive
VPM	volts per mil
WMA	warm mix asphalt
WPC	water pollution control
WPCP	water pollution control program
WPS	welding procedure specification
WQO	water quality objective

aInterpret a reference to AWS as a reference to AWS, ANSI/AWS, or AASHTO/AWS

bInterpret a reference to MSDS as a reference to SDS under 29 CFR 1910.1200